Above all, we make a difference.
Home > Breast Cancer Information > Diagnosis > Diagnosis References

Diagnosis References

  1. American Cancer Society. Breast biopsy. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/breast-biopsy.html, 2022.
  2. American Cancer Society. Risks of cancer surgery. https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/surgery/risks-of-cancer-surgery.html, 2019.
  3. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Top myths about breast cancer. https://blog.dana-farber.org/insight/2015/10/ten-myths-about-breast-cancer-infographic/, 2021.
  4. Mayo Clinic. Cancer treatment myths: any truth to these common beliefs? https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/in-depth/cancer/art-20046762, 2022.
  5. Sung JS and Comstock CE. Chapter 15: Image-guided biopsy of nonpalpable breast lesions, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.
  6. Brancato B, Crocetti E, Bianchi S, et al. Accuracy of needle biopsy of breast lesions visible on ultrasound: audit of fine needle versus core needle biopsy in 3233 consecutive samplings with ascertained outcomes. Breast. 21(4):449-54, 2012.
  7. Rouse HC, Ussher S, Kavanagh AM, Cawson JN. Examining the sensitivity of ultrasound-guided large core biopsy for invasive breast carcinoma in a population screening programme. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 57(4):435-43, 2013.
  8. Wang M, He X, Chang Y, Sun G, Thabane L. A sensitivity and specificity comparison of fine needle aspiration cytology and core needle biopsy in evaluation of suspicious breast lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast. 31:157-166, 2017.
  9. Ly A, Ono JC, Hughes KS, Pitman MB, Balassanian R. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of palpable breast masses: patterns of clinical use and patient experience. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 14(5):527-36, 2016.
  10. Hoda RS, Brachtel EF. International Academy of Cytology Yokohama system for reporting breast fine-needle aspiration biopsy cytopathology: a review of predictive values and risks of malignancy. Acta Cytol. 63(4):292-301, 2019.
  11. Bleicher RJ. Chapter 4: Management of the palpable breast mass, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.
  12. Moffat FL. Chapter 28: Clinical and pathologic prognostic and predictive factors, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.
  13. Chung AP, Giuliano AE. Chapter 37: Sentinel lymph node biopsy, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.
  14. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Breast cancer treatment, Version 4.2022. http://www.nccn.org, 2022.
  15. Weaver DL, Ashikaga T, Krag DN, et al. Effect of occult metastases on survival in node-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 364(5):412-21, 2011.
  16. Giuliano AE, Hawes D, Ballman KV, et al. Association of occult metastases in sentinel lymph nodes and bone marrow with survival among women with early-stage invasive breast cancer. JAMA. 306(4):385-93, 2011.
  17. Dillon D, Guidi AJ, Schnitt SJ. Chapter 25: Pathology of Invasive Breast Cancer, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.
  18. Joe BN. Clinical features, diagnosis, and staging of newly diagnosed breast cancer. In: UpToDate. Burstein H, Vora SR (eds.). Waltham, MA: UpToDate, 2022.
  19. Bleiweiss IJ. Pathology of breast cancer. In: UpToDate. Chagpar AB, Vora SR (eds.). Waltham, MA: UpToDate, 2022.
  20. National Cancer Institute. Inflammatory breast cancer. http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/ibc-fact-sheet, 2016.
  21. Taghian A and Merajver SD. Inflammatory breast cancer: Clinical features and treatment. In: UpToDate (Hayes DF, Pierce LJ, Chagpar AB, Vora SR, eds.). Waltham, MA: UpToDate, 2022.
  22. Hansen NM. Chapter 63: Paget’s Disease, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.
  23. Sabel MS, Weaver DL. Paget disease of the breast (PDB). In: UpToDate (Chagpar AB, Hayes DF, Pierce LJ, Chen W, eds.). Waltham, MA: UpToDate, 2022.
  24. Terando AM, Agnese DM, Holmes DR. Treatment and prognosis of rare breast cancers. Ann Surg Oncol. 22(10):3225-9, 2015.
  25. Lee H, Jung SY, Ro JY, et al. Metaplastic breast cancer: clinicopathological features and its prognosis. J Clin Pathol. 65(5):441-6, 2012.
  26. Leyrer CM, Berriochoa CA, Agrawal S, et al. Predictive factors on outcomes in metaplastic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 165(3):499-504, 2017.
  27. Ong CT, Campbell BM, Thomas SM, et al. Metaplastic breast cancer treatment and outcomes in 2500 patients: a retrospective analysis of a national oncology database. Ann Surg Oncol. 25(8):2249-2260, 2018.
  28. American Cancer Society. Hormone therapy for breast cancer. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/hormone-therapy-for-breast-cancer.html, 2021.
  29. Rakha EA, Pinder SE, Bartlett JM, et al. for the National Coordinating Committee for Breast Pathology. Updated UK recommendations for HER2 assessment in breast cancer. J Clin Pathol. 68(2):93-9, 2015.
  30. Giuliano AE, Connolly JL, Edge SB, et al. Breast cancer-major changes in the American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. CA Cancer J Clin. 67(4):290-303, 2017.
  31. Sparano JA, Gray RJ, Makower DF, et al. Prospective validation of a 21-gene expression assay in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 373(21):2005-14, 2015.
  32. Kalinsky K, Barlow WE, Gralow JR, et al. 21-gene assay to inform chemotherapy benefit in node-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 385(25):2336-2347, 2021.
  33. Andre F, Ismaila N, Allison KH, et al. Biomarkers for adjuvant endocrine and chemotherapy in early-stage breast cancer: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 40(16):1816-1837, 2022.
  34. Sparano JA, Gray RJ, Makower DF, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy guided by a 21-gene expression assay in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 379(2):111-121, 2018.
  35. Solin LJ, Gray R, Baehner FL, et al. A multigene expression assay to predict local recurrence risk for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. J Natl Cancer Inst. 105(10):701-10, 2013.
  36. Rakovitch E, Nofech-Mozes S, Hanna W, et al. Multigene expression assay and benefit of radiotherapy after breast conservation in ductal carcinoma in situ. J Natl Cancer Inst. 109(4):djw256, 2017.
  37. Rakovitch E, Sutradhar R, Nofech-Mozes S, et al. 21-gene assay and breast cancer mortality in ductal carcinoma in situ. J Natl Cancer Inst. 113(5):572-579, 2021.
  38. Rakovitch E, Parpia S, Koch A, et al. DUCHESS: an evaluation of the ductal carcinoma in situ score for decisions on radiotherapy in patients with low/intermediate-risk DCIS. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 188(1):133-139, 2021.
  39. Piccart M, van ‘t Veer LJ, Poncet C, et al. 70-gene signature as an aid for treatment decisions in early breast cancer: updated results of the phase 3 randomised MINDACT trial with an exploratory analysis by age. Lancet Oncol. 22(4):476-488, 2021.
  40. Sestak I, Cuzick J, Dowsett M, et al. Prediction of late distant recurrence after 5 years of endocrine treatment: a combined analysis of patients from the Austrian breast and colorectal cancer study group 8 and arimidex, tamoxifen alone or in combination randomized trials using the PAM50 risk of recurrence score. J Clin Oncol. 33(8):916-22, 2015.
  41. Clark SE, Warwick J, Carpenter R, Bowen RL, Duffy SW, Jones JL. Molecular subtyping of DCIS: heterogeneity of breast cancer reflected in pre-invasive disease. Br J Cancer. 104(1):120-7, 2011.
  42. Carey LA, Cheang MCU, Perou CM. Chapter 29: Genomics, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Interventions, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.
  43. Foukakis T, Bergh J. Prognostic and predictive factors in early, non-metastatic breast cancer. In: UpToDate. Burstein HJ, Vora SR (eds.). Waltham, MA: UpToDate, 2022.
  44. Metzger-Filho O, Sun Z, Viale G, et al. Patterns of recurrence and outcome according to breast cancer subtypes in lymph node-negative disease: results from international breast cancer study group trials VIII and IX. J Clin Oncol. 31(25):3083-90, 2013.
  45. McGuire A, Lowery AJ, Kell MR, Kerin MJ, Sweeney KJ. Locoregional recurrence following breast cancer surgery in the trastuzumab era: a systematic review by subtype. Ann Surg Oncol. 24(11):3124-3132, 2017.
  46. Partridge AH, Hughes ME, Warner ET, et al. Subtype-dependent relationship between young age at diagnosis and breast cancer survival. J Clin Oncol. 34(27):3308-14, 2016.
  47. Kohler BA, Sherman RL, Howlader N, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2011, featuring incidence of breast cancer subtypes by race/ethnicity, poverty, and state. J Natl Cancer Inst. 107(6), 2015.
  48. Anders CK, Carey LA. ER/PR negative, HER2-negative (triple negative) breast cancer. In: UpToDate. Hayes DF, Burstein HJ, Vora SR (eds.). Waltham, MA: UpToDate, 2022.
  49. Scott LC, Mobley LR, Kuo TM, Il’yasova D. Update on triple-negative breast cancer disparities for the United States: A population-based study from the United States Cancer Statistics database, 2010 through 2014. Cancer. 125(19):3412-3417, 2019.
  50. Couch FJ, Hart SN, Sharma P, et al. Inherited mutations in 17 breast cancer susceptibility genes among a large triple-negative breast cancer cohort unselected for family history of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 33(4):304-11, 2015.
  51. Troester MA, Sun X, Allott EH, et al. Racial differences in PAM50 subtypes in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 110(2):176-182, 2018.
  52. Hu C, Hart SN, Gnanaolivu R, et al. A population-based study of genes previously implicated in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 384(5):440-451, 2021.
  53. Mavaddat N, Dorling L, Carvalho S, et al. for the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Pathology of tumors associated with pathogenic germline variants in 9 breast cancer susceptibility genes. JAMA Oncol. 8(3):e216744, 2022.
  54. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast cancer- HR-/HER2- breast cancer (female only). Recent trends in SEER age-adjusted incidence rates, 2010-2019. Observed SEER incidence rate, female by race/ethnicity, all ages, all stages. Accessed on August 11, 2022. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2022.
  55. Martínez ME, Gomez SL, Tao L, et al. Contribution of clinical and socioeconomic factors to differences in breast cancer subtype and mortality between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 166(1):185-193, 2017.
  56. Rey-Vargas L, Sanabria-Salas MC, Fejerman L, Serrano-Gómez SJ. Risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer among Latina women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 28(11):1771-1783, 2019.
  57. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast cancer- HR+/HER2- breast cancer (female only). Recent trends in SEER age-adjusted incidence rates, 2010-2019. Observed SEER incidence rate, female by race/ethnicity, all ages, all stages. Accessed on August 11, 2022. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2022.
  58. Chollet-Hinton L, Olshan AF, Nichols HB, et al. Biology and etiology of young-onset breast cancers among premenopausal African American women: results from the AMBER Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 26(12):1722-1729, 2017.
  59. Sarink D, White KK, Loo LWM, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in postmenopausal breast cancer risk by hormone receptor status: The multiethnic cohort study. Int J Cancer. 150(2):221-231, 2022.
  60. Walsh SM, Zabor EC, Stempel M, Morrow M, Gemignani ML. Does race predict survival for women with invasive breast cancer? Cancer. 125(18):3139-3146, 2019.
  61. American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts and Figures 2024-2025. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2024.
  62. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Genetic/familial high-risk assessment: breast, ovarian, and pancreatic. Version 2.2022. http://www.nccn.org, 2022.
  63. Masuda N, Lee SJ, Ohtani S, et al. Adjuvant capecitabine for breast cancer after preoperative chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 376(22):2147-2159, 2017.
  64. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast cancer- HR-/HER2- breast cancer (female only). SEER 5-year age-adjusted incidence rates, 2015-2019. Female by race/ethnicity, all ages, all stages. Accessed on August 15, 2022. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2022.
  65. Yang XR, Chang-Claude J, Goode EL, et al. Associations of breast cancer risk factors with tumor subtypes: a pooled analysis from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 103(3):250-63, 2011.
  66. Warner ET, Tamimi RM, Boggs DA, et al. Estrogen receptor positive tumors: do reproductive factors explain differences in incidence between black and white women? Cancer Causes Control. 24(4):731-9, 2013.
  67. Palmer JR, Viscidi E, Troester MA, et al. Parity, lactation, and breast cancer subtypes in African American women: results from the AMBER Consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst. 106(10), 2014.
  68. Chen L, Li CI, Tang MT, et al. Reproductive factors and risk of luminal, HER2-overexpressing, and triple-negative breast cancer among multiethnic women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 25(9):1297-304, 2016.
  69. Lara-Medina F, Pérez-Sánchez V, Saavedra-Pérez D, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer in Hispanic patients: high prevalence, poor prognosis, and association with menopausal status, body mass index, and parity. Cancer. 117(16):3658-69, 2011.
  70. Pierobon M, Frankenfeld CL. Obesity as a risk factor for triple-negative breast cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 137(1):307-14, 2013.
  71. Kerlikowske K, Gard CC, Tice JA, Ziv E, Cummings SR, Miglioretti DL for the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Risk factors that increase risk of estrogen receptor-positive and -negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 109(5): djw276, 2016.
  72. Li CI, Beaber EF, Tang MT, Porter PL, Daling JR, Malone KE. Reproductive factors and risk of estrogen receptor positive, triple-negative, and HER2-neu overexpressing breast cancer among women 20-44 years of age. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 137(2):579-87, 2013.
  73. Schoemaker MJ, Nichols HB, Wright LB, et al. for the Premenopausal Breast Cancer Collaborative Group. Association of body mass index and age with subsequent breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. JAMA Oncol. 4(11):e181771, 2018.
  74. Chan DSM, Abar L, Cariolou M, et al. World Cancer Research Fund International: Continuous Update Project-systematic literature review and meta-analysis of observational cohort studies on physical activity, sedentary behavior, adiposity, and weight change and breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 30(11):1183-1200, 2019.
  75. Warner ET, Tamimi RM, Hughes ME, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in breast cancer survival: mediating effect of tumor characteristics and sociodemographic and treatment factors. J Clin Oncol. 33(20):2254-61, 2015.
  76. Iqbal J, Ginsburg O, Rochon PA, Sun P, Narod SA. Differences in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and cancer-specific survival by race and ethnicity in the United States. JAMA. 313(2):165-73, 2015.
  77. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures for African Americans: 2022-2024. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2022.
  78. Cho B, Han Y, Lian M, et al. Evaluation of racial/ethnic differences in treatment and mortality among women with triple-negative breast cancer. JAMA Oncol. 7(7):1016-1023, 2021.
  79. Houssami N, Turner R, Macaskill P, et al. An individual person data meta-analysis of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and breast cancer recurrence. J Clin Oncol. 32(5):392-401, 2014.
  80. Sardanelli F, Trimboli RM, Houssami N, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging before breast cancer surgery: results of an observational multicenter international prospective analysis (MIPA). Eur Radiol. 32(3):1611-1623, 2022.
  81. Vapiwala N, Hwang WT, Kushner CJ, Schnall MD, Freedman GM, Solin LJ. No impact of breast magnetic resonance imaging on 15-year outcomes in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ or early-stage invasive breast cancer managed with breast conservation therapy. Cancer. 123(8):1324-1332, 2017.
  82. Feigelson HS, James TA, Single RM, et al. Factors associated with the frequency of initial total mastectomy: results of a multi-institutional study. J Am Coll Surg. 216(5):966-75, 2013.
  83. Arnaout A, Catley C, Booth CM, et al. Use of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging for breast cancer: a Canadian population-based study. JAMA Oncol. 1(9):1238-50, 2015.
  84. Houssami N, Turner RM, Morrow M. Meta-analysis of pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surgical treatment for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 165(2):273-283, 2017.
  85. Wang SY, Long JB, Killelea BK, et al. Associations of preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging with subsequent mastectomy and breast cancer mortality. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 172(2):453-461, 2018.
  86. Fairbairn K, Cervantes A, Rayhrer R, Steen S. Trends in contralateral prophylactic mastectomy. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 44(2):323-329, 2020.
  87. Slanetz PJ, Moy L, Baron P, et al. for the Expert Panel on Breast Imaging. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® monitoring response to neoadjuvant systemic therapy for breast cancer. J Am Coll Radiol. 14(11S):S462-S475, 2017.
  88. Fontaine M, Tourasse C, Pages E, et al. Local tumor staging of breast cancer: digital mammography versus digital mammography plus tomosynthesis. Radiology. 291(3):594-603, 2019.
  89. Huynh PT, Lemeshko SV, Mahoney MC, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: stage I breast carcinoma. J Am Coll Radiol. 13(11S):e53-e57, 2016.
  90. Jacene HA, DiPiro PJ, Bellon J, et al. Discrepancy between FDG-PET/CT and contrast-enhanced CT in the staging of patients with inflammatory breast cancer: implications for treatment planning. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 181(2):383-390, 2020.
  91. Postlewait LM, Teshome M, Adesoye T, et al. Contralateral axillary metastasis in patients with inflammatory breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 28(13):8610-8621, 2021.
  92. Cristofanelli M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck AS, et al. Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 351(8):781-91, 2004.
  93. Bidard FC, Peeters DJ, Fehm T, et al. Clinical validity of circulating tumour cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncol. 15(4):406-14, 2014.
  94. Dawson SJ, Tsui DW, Murtaza M, et al. Analysis of circulating tumor DNA to monitor metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 368(13):1199-209, 2013.
  95. Visvanathan K, Fackler MS, Zhang Z, et al. Monitoring of serum DNA Methylation as an early independent marker of response and survival in metastatic breast cancer: TBCRC 005 prospective biomarker study. J Clin Oncol. 35(7):751-758, 2017.
  96. Stover DG, Parsons HA, Ha G, et al. Association of cell-free DNA tumor fraction and somatic copy number alterations with survival in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 36(6):543-553, 2018.
  97. Cullinane C, Fleming C, O’Leary DP, et al. Association of circulating tumor DNA with disease-free survival in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 3(11):e2026921, 2020.
  98. Smerage JB, Barlow WE, Hortobagyi GN, et al. Circulating tumor cells and response to chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer: SWOG S0500. J Clin Oncol. 32(31):3483-9, 2014.
  99. Merker JD, Oxnard GR, Compton C, et al. Circulating tumor DNA analysis in patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology and College of American Pathologists joint review. J Clin Oncol. 36(16):1631-1641, 2018.
  100. Burstein HJ, Somerfield MR, Barton DL, et al. Endocrine treatment and targeted therapy for hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 39(35):3959-3977, 2021.
  101. Sharma P. Overview of the approach to metastatic breast cancer, in Up-to-Date (Burstein HJ, Vora SR, eds.). Up-to-Date, 2022.
  102. Bidard FC, Michiels S, Riethdorf S, et al. Circulating tumor cells in breast cancer patients treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 110(6):560-567, 2018.
  103. Sparano J, O’Neill A, Alpaugh K, et al. Association of circulating tumor cells with late recurrence of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 4(12):1700-1706, 2018.
  104. Trapp E, Janni W, Schindlbeck C, et al. for the SUCCESS Study Group. Presence of circulating tumor cells in high-risk early breast cancer during follow-up and prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 111(4):380-387, 2019.
  105. Garcia-Murillas I, Chopra N, Comino-Méndez I, et al. Assessment of molecular relapse detection in early-stage breast cancer. JAMA Oncol. 5(10):1473-1478, 2019.
  106. Radovich M, Jiang G, Hancock BA, et al. Association of circulating tumor DNA and circulating tumor cells after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with disease recurrence in patients with triple-negative breast cancer: preplanned secondary analysis of the BRE12-158 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 6(9):1410-1415, 2020.
  107. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. HR-/HER2- Breast cancer (female only). Recent trends in SEER age-adjusted incidence rates, 2010-2020. Observed SEER incidence rate, female by race/ethnicity, all ages, all stages. Accessed on April 26, 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2023.
  108. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast cancer- HR-/HER2- breast cancer (female only). SEER 5-year age-adjusted incidence rates, 2016-2020. Female by race/ethnicity, all ages, all stages. Accessed on April 26, 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2023.
  109. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Breast cancer treatment, Version 2.2024. http://www.nccn.org, 2024.
  110. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. HR-/HER2- Breast cancer (female only). SEER 5-year age-adjusted incidence rates, 2017-2021. Female by race/ethnicity, all ages, all stages. Accessed on May 6, 2024. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2024.
  111. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. HR-/HER2- Breast cancer (female only). Recent trends in SEER relative survival rates, 2010-2021. Female, all stages by race/ethnicity, 5-year relative survival, all ages. Accessed on May 6, 2024. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2024.
  112. Ira J Bleiweiss IJ. Pathology of breast cancer. In: UpToDate (Chapgar AB and Vora SR, eds.). Waltham, MA: UpToDate, 2024.
  113. Joe BN. Clinical features, diagnosis, and staging of newly diagnosed breast cancer. In: UpToDate. Burstein H, Vora SR (eds.). Waltham, MA: UpToDate, 2024.
  114. Oesterreich S, Nasrazadani A, Zou J, et al. Clinicopathological features and outcomes comparing patients with invasive ductal and lobular breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 114(11):1511-1522, 2022.
  115. Schulze AK, Hoskin TL, Moldoveanu D, Sturz JL, Boughey JC. Tumor characteristics of bilateral breast cancer compared with unilateral breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 31(2):947-956, 2024.
  116. Sakai T, Ozkurt E, DeSantis S, et al. National trends of synchronous bilateral breast cancer incidence in the United States. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 78(1):161-167, 2019.
  117. Öztekin S, Hooning MJ, van Deurzen CHM, et al. The effect of (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy on long-term survival outcomes in patients with invasive lobular breast cancer treated with endocrine therapy: A retrospective cohort study. Cancer. 130(6):927-935, 2024.
  118. Weiser R, Polychronopoulou E, Hatch SS, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with invasive lobular carcinoma and use of the 21-gene recurrence score: A National Cancer Database analysis. Cancer. 128(9):1738-1747, 2022.
  119. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast cancer-SEER 5-year relative survival rates, 2014-2020, by subtype, female, all races/ethnicities, all ages, all stages. Accessed on July 8, 2024. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2024.
  120. Chamalidou C, Fohlin H, Albertsson P, et al. for the Swedish western and south-eastern breast cancer groups. Survival patterns of invasive lobular and invasive ductal breast cancer in a large population-based cohort with two decades of follow up. Breast. 59:294-300, 2021.
  121. Yoon, TI, Jeong J, Lee S, et al. Survival outcomes in premenopausal patients with invasive lobular carcinoma. JAMA Netw Open. 6(11):e2342270, 2023.
  122. Anders CK, Carey LA. ER/PR negative, HER2-negative (triple negative) breast cancer. In: UpToDate. Hayes DF, Burstein HJ, Vora SR (eds.). Waltham, MA: UpToDate, 2024.
  123. Limaiem F, Khan M, Lotfollahzadeh S. Lobular breast carcinoma. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554578/, 2023.
  124. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Genetic/familial high-risk assessment—breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancer. Version 2.2024. http://www.nccn.org, 2024.
  125. Ryan CE, Fasaye GA, Gallanis AF, et al. Germline CDH1 variants and lifetime cancer risk. JAMA. 2024 Jun 14 [Online ahead of print].
  126. Hu C, Nart SN, Gnanaolivu R, et al. A population-based study of genes previously implicated in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 384(5):440-451, 2021.
  127. Petridis C, Arora I, Shah V, et al. Frequency of pathogenic germline variants in CDH1, BRCA2, CHEK2, PALB2, BRCA1, and TP53 in sporadic lobular breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 28(7):1162-1168, 2019.
  128. Colditz GA, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, et al. The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 332: 1589-93, 1995.
  129. Beral V for the Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet. 362:419-27, 2003.
  130. Bakken K, Fournier A, Lund E, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: impact of different treatments. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer. 128(1):144-56, 2011.
  131. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence. Lancet. 394(10204):1159-1168, 2019.
  132. Wang SM, Pfeiffer RM, Gierach GL, Falk RT. Use of postmenopausal hormone therapies and risk of histology- and hormone receptor-defined breast cancer: results from a 15-year prospective analysis of NIH-AARP cohort. Breast Cancer Res. 22(1):129, 2020.
  133. Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Aragaki AK, et al. Association of menopausal hormone therapy with breast cancer incidence and mortality during long-term follow-up of the Women’s Health Initiative randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 324(4):369-380, 2020.
  134. Li C, Daling JR, Haugen KL, Tang, MTC, Porter PL, Malone KE. Use of menopausal hormone therapy and risk of ductal and lobular breast cancer among women 55-74 years of age. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 145(2):481-9, 2014.

Updated 10/04/24

TOOLS & RESOURCES

PDF

Fact Sheet

Support After a Breast Cancer Diagnosis